Thereby, they seem to suffer from an inconsistent performance for different modality a medical images. However, the general problem of the reversible schemes is that their watermark embedding process is image- content dependent ( i.e., depends on the perceptual or visual content of the input images). We briefly review some prominent reversible schemes in Section “State of medical image watermarking”. It has different principles and properties that underpin many reversible watermarking schemes for medical image applications. Reversible embedding introduces an invertible distortion in a watermarked medical image that can be restored to the original, when required ( e.g., for medical diagnosis purpose). The reversible embedding schemes seem to be relatively advantageous, since they usually can avoid the ROI segmentation (considering the original image can be restored) and compression. To meet these requirements, two types of embedding schemes are mainly studied: ( i) lossless compression of ROIs (regions of interest, to medical professionals) and ( ii) reversible embedding. Additionally, an acceptable embedding distortion guarantees the reliability of a watermarked image for any medical or clinical uses. Continuous protection of a medical image requires the watermark to be always embedded in the image. They are: ( i) continuous protection of the image, and ( ii) “acceptable” embedding distortion in the image. Watermark embedding has to meet a few strict requirements for medical images, since it incurs an inevitable distortion. Although this may also require the watermark generation to employ a suitable cryptographic technique ( e.g., encryption, digital signature), in this paper, we restrict our focus on the watermark embedding process. Thereby, the authenticity and integrity of the images can be verified and the meta-data ( e.g., EPR) can be imperceptibly annotated in the images. Watermark embedding embeds the watermarks in medical images such that they can be detected later by the watermark detection. Watermark generation generates watermarks from its input information including medical images and other radiological information ( e.g., EPR-electronic patient records). ĭigital watermarking is an evolving data-hiding technology that has three main components: watermark- generation, -embedding and -detection. Many new security problems and legal and ethical concerns ( e.g., image fraud, distrust and invasion of privacy) are emerging, which digital watermarking has shown a great potential to address. While such uses of medical images offer distinct opportunities of improving healthcare access, delivery, and standards, security protection of the images throughout their lifetime becomes more challenging. Those services allow remote access to, and electronic transmission and interpretation of, medical images across multiple users and display stations. ![]() Advances in adoption of modern information technology has enabled the healthcare organisations to offer various distant medical services ( e.g., teleradiology, eHealth).
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